Title: Frameworks Evolve to Domain-Specific Languages Authors: Don Roberts and Ralph Johnson, University of Illinois Contact: Don Roberts Email: droberts@cs.uiuc.edu Address: Don Roberts Digital Computer Lab 1304 W. Springfield Ave Urbana, IL 61801 Phone: (217) 356-1003 Abstract: Frameworks evolve from "white-box" to "black-box." As a framework becomes more "black-box", composing the objects that the framework comprises becomes more tedious, and tools (usually graphical) are developed to handle the composition. These tools become a formalism for describing the problem domain of the framework. This formalism can be considered a domain-specific graphical language. Its language-ness can be enhanced by the application of design patterns such as Wrappers, Reified Types, and Commands.